In New York, couples facing marital difficulties can choose between legal separation and divorce. Legal separation allows spouses to live apart while remaining legally married, which can address financial and personal issues without fully ending the marriage. Divorce represents the complete legal dissolution of the marriage. However, both options involve complicated legal requirements, and major exceptions exist, such as the ability to convert a separation into a divorce or the option to reconcile during separation.
At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq., Manhattan divorce lawyer Richard Roman Shum helps couples throughout Manhattan and New York City understand their options. Whether you need guidance on divorce or legal separation, Richard Roman Shum can explain how each path affects your assets, children, and future.
This guide explains what legal separation means in New York, how it differs from divorce, the requirements for each option, and when you might choose one over the other. You will also learn about the conversion process from separation to divorce and the steps involved in filing for either option. Call the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. at (646) 259-3416 to discuss your situation.
What Is Legal Separation in New York?
Legal separation in New York allows married couples to live apart while remaining legally married. It can be established either (1) by a written separation agreement signed and properly acknowledged, typically before a notary; or (2) by a court “judgment of separation” issued in a separation case. The agreement outlines each spouse’s rights and responsibilities during the separation period, including child custody, support payments, and division of assets.
Unlike simply living in different homes, a written separation agreement can create a legally binding contract. If one spouse violates the agreement’s terms, the other may be able to enforce the agreement in court. Issues like custody/support may also be addressed through the appropriate court process, depending on what relief is sought. This formal structure provides protection that informal separations do not offer.
Richard Roman Shum can discuss whether legal separation fits your circumstances and what terms should be included in your agreement.
Legal Requirements for a Separation Agreement
A separation agreement in New York must meet specific legal requirements to be valid and enforceable. Both parties must enter into the agreement voluntarily, without coercion or undue influence from the other spouse. The agreement must be in writing and signed by both spouses in the presence of a notary public.
The agreement should comprehensively cover all relevant aspects of the separation. This includes division of marital assets and liabilities, child custody arrangements, visitation schedules, child support, and spousal support (alimony). The terms must be fair and reasonable to both parties. An agreement that heavily favors one spouse may be challenged in court and potentially invalidated.
Working with an attorney when drafting a separation agreement helps ensure that all necessary elements are included and that the document complies with New York law. An attorney can also identify potential issues that might arise later and address them in the agreement’s terms.
How to File for Legal Separation in NY
Filing for legal separation in New York involves several steps. Your and your spouse’s attorney can draft a separation agreement that meets all legal requirements and addresses your specific marital situation. Both spouses should then review the agreement thoroughly and negotiate any necessary changes.
Once both parties agree on the terms, they must sign the agreement in front of a notary public. While not required, spouses may choose to file the signed and notarized agreement with the county clerk’s office. Filing creates a formal record of the separation, which can be beneficial in future legal proceedings, including a potential divorce.
After the agreement is executed, both spouses must follow the terms outlined in the document. Violations of the agreement can be addressed through legal action in family court.
Required Documents and Process
The separation agreement should identify the parties and address property/debt, custody/parenting time, child support, and spousal support as applicable. If parties choose to file the agreement (or need to file it for a conversion divorce), it is typically filed/recorded with the county clerk, and fees depend on the filing method and county. For example, in New York County, the county clerk lists an Index Number fee of $210 (and other fees may apply in matrimonial matters, such as an RJI fee).
If you choose not to file the agreement with the court, you should still keep multiple signed copies in a safe place. The agreement may still be binding as a contract. However, if you later want to use the separation agreement as the basis for a conversion divorce (DRL § 170(6)), New York’s process generally requires proof that the agreement (or an authorized memorandum of it) was filed with the appropriate county clerk.
Divorce Attorney in Manhattan – Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq.
Richard Roman Shum, Esq.
Richard Roman Shum is a lifelong New Yorker and Manhattan divorce attorney with over 15 years of legal experience. Raised in the Lower East Side, one of Manhattan’s most diverse neighborhoods, he understands the unique challenges that New York City families face during separation and divorce. As a father, he brings a personal understanding of family law matters and the importance of protecting what matters most to his clients.
Richard Roman Shum provides representation in divorce, legal separation, child custody, spousal support, and property division cases. He handles both contested and uncontested matters throughout Manhattan and New York City. Clients value his focused, calm, and pragmatic approach to resolving complicated family law issues. Whether through negotiation or litigation, Richard Roman Shum works to achieve outcomes that align with his clients’ goals while minimizing unnecessary conflict.
What Is Divorce in New York?
Divorce in New York is the legal dissolution of a marriage. It terminates the marital relationship under the law and permits both spouses to remarry. The divorce process includes court proceedings where issues such as asset division, child custody, visitation rights, and support are decided.
New York recognizes both fault-based and no-fault grounds for divorce. The most common no-fault ground is an irretrievable breakdown of the relationship for at least six months. While it does not require proving wrongdoing, New York courts generally require that economic issues (including property/debt division and issues relating to custody/support) be resolved before the court will grant a divorce on this ground. Fault-based grounds include cruel and inhuman treatment, abandonment, imprisonment, adultery, and others.
Divorce proceedings aim to settle disputes between spouses in a manner that is fair and equitable. The court considers each party’s circumstances and distributes responsibilities and assets based on what is reasonable given the specific facts of the case.
Grounds for Divorce in New York
New York State recognizes seven legal grounds for divorce. Each provides a legally acceptable reason for dissolving a marriage.
The most commonly used ground is irretrievable breakdown of the relationship for a period of at least six months. Often called no-fault divorce, this ground requires only that one spouse declare the relationship has broken down irretrievably for at least six months. This option avoids the need to prove fault and can simplify the divorce process.
Fault-based grounds include cruel and inhuman treatment, which involves treatment by one spouse that endangers the physical or mental well-being of the other, making it unsafe to continue living together. Abandonment can be actual (physical departure from the home for at least one year) or constructive (refusing to engage in sexual relations for at least one year).
Imprisonment is a ground for divorce if one spouse has been imprisoned for three or more consecutive years after the marriage began. Adultery can serve as a ground, though proving it typically requires evidence from someone other than the spouse.
Two additional grounds involve living apart under a separation agreement or a separation judgment. Under DRL § 170 (6) and (5), the required living-apart period and terminology depend on the version of the statute in effect: the law text reflects a 6-month period until February 17, 2026, and 1 year starting February 17, 2026, and the filing/spousal-performance requirements must also be satisfied.
| Ground for Divorce | Description | Key Requirement |
|---|---|---|
| Irretrievable Breakdown (No-Fault) | The relationship has broken down irretrievably | At least 6 months |
| Cruel and Inhuman Treatment | Treatment endangering physical or mental well-being | Proof of endangerment |
| Abandonment | Physical departure or refusal of sexual relations | At least 1 year |
| Imprisonment | Spouse imprisoned after marriage | 3+ consecutive years |
| Adultery | Extramarital affair | Evidence from a third party |
| Legal Separation Agreement | Lived separate and apart pursuant to a properly acknowledged separation agreement (and filing requirements may apply) | 6+ months until Feb 17, 2026; 1+ year starting Feb 17, 2026, plus substantial compliance |
| Judgment of Separation | Lived apart pursuant to a decree or judgment of separation | 6+ months until Feb 17, 2026; 1+ year starting Feb 17, 2026, plus substantial compliance |
Types of Divorce Proceedings in NY
Divorces in New York fall into two main categories: uncontested and contested. Knowing these types can help you prepare for what lies ahead.
In an uncontested divorce, both spouses agree on all major aspects of the divorce, including asset division, child custody, visitation, and spousal support. This type typically involves a settlement agreement where the terms are outlined and agreed upon before filing. Uncontested divorces are generally faster, less costly, and less stressful than contested divorces because they do not require a trial.
A contested divorce occurs when spouses cannot agree on one or more key aspects of the divorce. Common areas of dispute include asset division, responsibility for marital debts, child custody arrangements, and sometimes even the grounds for divorce itself. Contested divorces usually require more extensive legal intervention, including court appearances, discovery proceedings, mediation sessions, and potentially a trial. This makes them more complicated, time-consuming, and expensive.
Key Takeaway: Uncontested divorces involve agreement on all major issues and are typically faster and less expensive. Contested divorces involve disagreement on one or more key issues and require court intervention, making them more difficult and costly.
After Legal Separation: The Path to Reconciliation or Divorce
Legal separation is not always a step to divorce. For many couples, it represents a crossroads where they can choose between reconciling or moving forward with the dissolution of their marriage. This structured period offers time and space to work through personal challenges while maintaining legal protections.
The Option for Reconciliation
If both spouses decide to reconcile, they can formally terminate their separation. This is usually accomplished by drafting a new written agreement, signed and notarized by both parties, that revokes the original separation agreement. This process allows the couple to resume their marital relationship with confidence, knowing that their legal and financial interests were protected during their time apart.
Reconciliation after legal separation is relatively straightforward under New York law. The key is ensuring that both parties agree to revoke the separation agreement and that they document this decision properly. Many couples find that the flexibility to reconcile makes legal separation a useful tool for reassessing the marriage without closing the door permanently.
From Separation to Divorce: The Conversion Process
A conversion divorce transforms the legal separation into a final divorce decree. Its main advantages include simplicity and speed, since property division, custody, and support issues are already addressed in the separation agreement. There is reduced conflict because there is no need to renegotiate terms or prove fault grounds such as cruelty or abandonment. The process is also more cost-effective, with legal expenses and court appearances generally lower than in a contested divorce.
The separation agreement essentially serves as the blueprint for the final judgment of divorce. This structured approach provides both spouses with clarity and a well-defined outcome if reconciliation is not possible.
Key Takeaway: Legal separation in New York allows couples to reconcile by revoking the separation agreement or to convert to divorce after one year. Conversion divorce under Section 170(6) uses the existing separation agreement as the basis for the divorce, making the process faster and less contentious than starting a new divorce case.
The Divorce Process in New York
The divorce process in New York follows a structured sequence designed to provide a clear legal pathway to dissolving a marriage. Understanding each phase and its requirements can help you avoid complications.
Filing for Divorce: Steps Involved
Filing for divorce in New York involves several important steps. First, you must meet residency requirements. New York has multiple ways to qualify, including:
- Either spouse has been living in New York continuously for at least two years
- Either spouse has been living in New York continuously for at least one year, plus certain connections to New York (such as being married in New York, living in New York as a married couple, or the grounds arising in New York); or
- Both spouses are New York residents when the case starts, and the grounds arise in New York.
Next, you must establish grounds for divorce. New York law requires a legally acceptable reason or ground for divorce, which can be either no-fault (irretrievable breakdown for six months) or fault-based (such as cruelty, abandonment, or adultery).
You then prepare the necessary documents. The divorce process begins by filing a Summons With Notice or Summons and Complaint with the County Clerk’s Office in the county where either spouse resides. The Manhattan Supreme Court handles divorce cases filed in New York County.
A filing fee is required to process the divorce documents. This fee can be waived based on financial hardship. If the spouses have agreed on the terms of the divorce, a Settlement Agreement should be filed along with the divorce paperwork.
Serving and Responding to Divorce Papers
Once the divorce papers are filed, they must be legally served to the other spouse (the defendant). Service of process must occur within 120 days of the filing date. The papers must be served by someone other than the plaintiff, typically a professional process server, and the person serving must be over 18 years old.
After being served, the defendant has a specific time frame to respond. Under CPLR 320, it is generally 20 days after service of the summons, but 30 days after service is complete when service is made by certain methods. The response can either contest the grounds of the divorce or agree to them. Failure to respond can result in a default judgment against the defendant.
Key Stages of a Divorce Trial
If the divorce is contested and cannot be resolved through mediation or negotiation, it proceeds to trial. The key stages include discovery, where both parties exchange information and documents related to finances, assets, and other relevant matters. This stage can involve written questions (interrogatories), document requests, and depositions.
Pre-trial motions and hearings may address preliminary issues such as temporary child custody, spousal support, or attorneys’ fees. During the trial, both parties present arguments, evidence, and witness testimonies. The judge hears the case and makes decisions on all contested issues.
The final judgment of divorce is issued, which includes all the judge’s decisions on the divorce matters. This judgment is binding and enforceable.
Key Takeaway: Filing for divorce in New York requires meeting residency requirements, establishing grounds, filing documents with the county clerk, paying a filing fee, and serving papers on the other spouse. Contested divorces proceed through discovery, pre-trial motions, trial, and final judgment.
Pros and Cons of Legal Separation vs. Divorce
Knowing the benefits and challenges of each option can help you make an informed decision about which path is right for your situation.
Benefits of Choosing Legal Separation
Legal separation allows spouses to remain married for purposes of retaining family health insurance plans or other financial benefits that require a legal marriage. Some couples choose legal separation over divorce due to religious beliefs or moral values that discourage or prohibit divorce. Legal separation can also serve as a period of time for couples to live apart and evaluate whether they want to proceed with divorce or reconcile.
Challenges Associated with Legal Separation
Drafting a legal separation agreement often involves negotiations and hiring legal counsel, which can be as complicated and costly as divorce proceedings. Legally separated couples are still legally married, which means they cannot remarry. This might complicate entering into new relationships. Living in a state of legal separation might also prolong the emotional stress and uncertainty that comes with unresolved marital issues.
Advantages of Opting for Divorce
Divorce provides finality to the marital relationship, allowing individuals to move forward with their lives independently. One of the most significant legal distinctions is that divorce allows each individual to remarry. Divorce settles all legal issues definitively, including property division, custody, and spousal support, and these decisions are enforceable by court order. Divorce can also provide a clearer separation of financial ties, which can simplify financial planning and obligations moving forward.
Potential Drawbacks of Divorce Proceedings
Divorce proceedings can be expensive and time-consuming, especially if the divorce is contested and involves complex asset divisions or custody disputes. Divorce can have a significant emotional toll on all family members, including children, and can lead to long-term psychological effects. Divorce proceedings and records are generally public, which might concern those who value privacy regarding personal and financial matters. Divorce can be particularly challenging for children, affecting their emotional well-being and stability.
Key Takeaway: Legal separation preserves health insurance and other marital benefits but prevents remarriage and may prolong emotional stress. Divorce provides finality and allows remarriage, but can be expensive, time-consuming, and emotionally difficult for all family members.
Factors to Consider When Deciding Between Separation and Divorce
Making the decision between legal separation and divorce depends on various factors specific to your situation.
Assess your remaining commitment to the relationship. If there is a possibility of reconciliation or if you prefer a trial period apart without legally ending the marriage, legal separation may be suitable. This option allows you to address marital issues while retaining certain legal and financial protections.
Consider the severity of your marital problems. If the relationship has become unjustifiable due to issues like abuse or infidelity, divorce might be the more appropriate choice. Divorce provides a definitive end to the marriage, allowing both individuals to pursue independent lives and healing.
Financial aspects are critical in this decision. Legal separation can preserve benefits such as healthcare coverage and a favorable tax status, which might be advantageous during a temporary separation. Conversely, divorce facilitates a more definitive financial separation, dividing assets and liabilities to give both parties a clear financial start.
The well-being of any children involved should be a priority. Both legal separation and divorce affect children differently, but you should consider their emotional needs against the backdrop of the current home environment. Sometimes a stable, if separate, environment may support children better than a conflicted joint one.
Factors to consider include:
- Level of commitment to potentially reconciling the relationship
- Severity and nature of marital problems (abuse, infidelity, irreconcilable differences)
- Financial implications (health insurance, tax benefits, asset division)
- Impact on children’s emotional well-being and stability
- Religious or moral beliefs about divorce
- Timeline for resolving marital issues
- Cost and complexity of each option
Carefully weighing these factors can help you make a more informed decision that aligns with your personal circumstances and long-term well-being.
Key Takeaway: Choosing between legal separation and divorce requires evaluating your commitment to the relationship, the severity of marital problems, financial implications, and the impact on children. Legal separation preserves some benefits and allows for reconciliation, while divorce provides finality and a complete legal separation.
Get Help from a Divorce Attorney in Manhattan
Deciding whether to pursue legal separation or divorce in New York involves legal, financial, and emotional considerations. Each path has distinct consequences, from how assets are divided to the future of your family relationships. Understanding New York family law and how it applies to your specific situation is essential to making informed decisions.
At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq., clients receive personalized guidance on whether legal separation or divorce is more suitable for their circumstances. Richard Roman Shum handles cases heard at the Manhattan Supreme Court and Family Court, addressing property division, child custody, spousal support, and separation agreements.
Call the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. at (646) 259-3416 for a consultation. The office is located on the Lower East Side at 20 Clinton Street, serving families across Manhattan and New York City.
from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/legal-separation-vs-divorce/
